What Are the Parts of a Wheelchair?

If you use a wheelchair or help care for someone who does, knowing how the different parts work can really help you get the most out of it. Whether you’re just starting your mobility journey or want to learn more, understanding what each piece does makes it easier to choose the right equipment and keep things running.

Here's our in-depth look at the different parts of an electric wheelchair to help you get a better idea of how it all works and why each piece matters. 

How Does an Electric Wheelchair Work?

Power wheelchairs are pretty simple to use once you get the hang of them. They run on a rechargeable battery and are usually controlled with a joystick. When you move the joystick, it tells the motor which way to go and how fast to move. The motor then powers the wheels to get you where you need to be.

Basic Power Wheelchair Parts

Knowing the basics of what everything is and how it works together can make it easier to spot problems and take better care of your chair. Here’s a breakdown of the most important parts:

1. Wheelchair Frame

The frame is the base of the wheelchair that holds everything together. They can be rigid or foldable.

As you might’ve guessed, rigid frames don’t fold, but they are the lighter option and typically easier to maneuver. Foldable frames, on the other hand, are designed for those who travel often or need to fit their wheelchair into tight spaces, like a car trunk or closet.

What Materials Are Used for Power Wheelchair Frames?

The material of a chair’s frame affects everything from its weight to how durable and easy it is to handle. Some of the most common options include:

• Steel: Steel is strong and affordable, but it’s also the heaviest material, which means it might only be feasible if you aren’t planning on lifting or transporting the chair very often.
• Aluminum: Aluminum is a lighter alternative to steel and is just as durable.
• Titanium and Carbon Fiber: These materials are incredibly light and mainly used in advanced or custom models, which means they generally have a higher price tag.

2. Seat and Backrest

The seat and backrest are responsible for keeping you comfortable and supported in your chair.

A well-designed seat will help reduce pressure and provide the postural support many users need, especially those with medical conditions that affect mobility. Most electric wheelchairs also come with adjustable seating options, so users can customize things like height, tilt, or recline to fit their comfort and health needs.

3. Drive Controls

Drive controls, usually a joystick, are what let users steer and move their power wheelchair. They can be mounted in different spots depending on what’s most comfortable or accessible for the person using the chair. Some wheelchairs even offer dual controls, so a caregiver can help operate the chair when needed.

Alternate Drive Control Options

While joysticks are typically the standard, not everyone can use them comfortably. That’s why many power wheelchairs offer alternative drive control systems:

• Sip-and-Puff Systems: These are controlled by the user’s breath. The user sips or puffs into a straw-like device, which then sends signals to move the wheelchair; this option is ideal for those with very limited mobility, such as those with high-level spinal cord injuries.
• Head Controls: Head arrays or switches are mounted behind or around the user’s head. Movements like tilting or pressing in certain directions are then used to control the wheelchair.
• Switch Controls: These are large, easy-to-press buttons or pads that can be activated with different parts of the body, such as the hands, feet, or even elbows. They can be set up to move forward, backward, or turn, and are usually used in combination with other adaptive equipment.
• Touchscreen or Tablet-Based Controls: Some power wheelchairs can be paired with touchscreen devices or apps that allow users to control the chair digitally.
• Chin or Mouth Controls: Similar to a joystick, but smaller and designed to be operated with the chin or mouth; this setup would work well for someone who can’t use their hands but has good control of head or jaw movements.

4. Batteries

Electric wheelchairs run on rechargeable batteries, which power everything from the motor to the controls. Most batteries last several hours on a full charge, but how long they actually last depends on the model, how far you’re driving, and even the type of terrain.

Most power wheelchairs are designed to use a specific type of battery, so it’s best to stick with what your manufacturer recommends.

5. Motor

As mentioned above, the motor is what makes the wheelchair move. It takes power from the battery and turns it into the force that drives the wheels. Different power chairs have different motor setups, which can affect how fast they go and how well they handle things like hills or rough surfaces.

3. Casters

Casters are the front wheels that help a wheelchair turn and handle various surfaces. They come in a few different sizes and materials. For instance, some are solid, while others are inflatable (air-filled).

Smaller casters are great for indoor use because they allow for tighter turns and more control in narrow spaces, while larger casters handle bumps and uneven terrain better.

4. Tires and Wheels

A wheelchair’s tires and wheels are responsible for how it moves on different surfaces. Larger tires give you better traction and stability, especially if you’re outdoors or on uneven ground. Smaller wheels make it easier to steer in tight indoor spaces.

Most electric wheelchairs use either rear-wheel or mid-wheel drive. Mid-wheel drive offers better maneuverability indoors, while rear-wheel drive gives you more power for outdoor use. The type of tire matters, too. Pneumatic (air-filled) tires mean a smoother ride, but solid tires tend to be easier to maintain and won’t go flat.

5. Brakes

Just like in a car, a wheelchair’s brakes are what keep you safe and in control, whether you’re moving or stationary. Shoe brakes are the most common, and you’ll find them on a lot of standard electric wheelchair models. Scissor brakes are a slightly lighter, sleeker option that you may see on sport or lightweight chairs. There are also one-hand brakes, which, if you have limited mobility on one side, allow you to stop your chair with one hand.

What About Wheelchair Accessories?

Accessories might not be part of the standard setup, but they can make a huge difference in everyday comfort and convenience. Some of the most popular accessories include:

• Cushions and Back Supports: These help with posture, reduce pressure points, and, for long-term users, can even prevent skin breakdown.
• Storage Options: Seatback bags, under-seat baskets, and side pouches are all great for carrying personal items or medical supplies.
• Lighting and Safety Gear: LED lights, reflectors, and even horns can help make you more visible and safe, especially when you’re out and about in low-light conditions.
• Weather Protection: Wheelchair ponchos, canopies, and covers can help you stay dry and protected in bad weather.

What Should I Do If My Electric Wheelchair Needs Parts or Repairs?

If something’s not working right with your power wheelchair, get it checked out sooner rather than later. Most manufacturers provide support and troubleshooting guides for common issues, and your manual is a good place to start. For replacement parts, it’s best to contact the manufacturer or a certified dealer to make sure you get the right fit.

Keep in mind that regular maintenance will go a long way in keeping your wheelchair running as it should. That includes checking the battery, inspecting the tires for wear, and making sure everything is functioning correctly. If something seems off and you’re not sure how to fix it, reach out to a certified wheelchair repair technician to get things back in working order as soon as possible.

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